Chile’s largest Indigenous people, the Mapuche, successfully resisted the Spanish and autonomously held their lands in the south until invasion by Chilean forces in the late 19th century. There has continued to be a strong (and at times violent) Mapuche resistance movement in Chile to regain land, protect culture, and fix income inequality.

There’s a really valuable summary of Mapuche history here including modern efforts to revitalize culture and langauge – such as by Mapuche rapper Luanko (paired with activist rapper Portavoz, above). Here’s also an interesting profile on Luanko and on rapping in Mapuzugun below.